RESUMEN
Vaccination coverage in Ecuador has decreased since 2013, falling short of the World Health Organization's vaccination goal. There are several causes for this deficiency in coverage, one of these are lost vaccination opportunities, which are caused when a patient without contraindications postpones, or for other reasons fails to receive a recommended immunization. The objective of this study was to determine the state of knowledge regarding vaccination contraindications among the Metropolitan District of Quito health personnel to assess missed vaccination opportunities. Through this cross-sectional descriptive study, health personnel were surveyed online and asked 18 clinical scenarios which were created to evaluate their knowledge of the true contraindications of vaccination, and measure missed opportunities. A total of 273 surveys were collected; 74% belonged to the public health system, and the rest represented by private practitioners. Of those surveyed, 98.2% of health personnel had improperly denied vaccination at least once. We specifically found vaccinations were incorrectly denied more frequently in cases where the hypothetical patient presented mild or moderate fever cases. The use of corticosteroids, autoimmune diseases, and egg allergy were also incorrectly denied (89%, 71.4%, 72.9%, and 58.6%, respectively). Among the health personnel surveyed, there is an apparent lack of knowledge of the true contraindications of vaccination and differences in knowledge about contraindications according to personnel in charge of administering immunization to children. Our preliminary results suggest that lack of education related to side effects could be biasing medical professionals' decisions, causing them to unnecessarily delay or deny vaccinations, which likely contributes to explaining low overall vaccination coverage in Quito, the capital city of Ecuador.
RESUMEN
Las trombofilias hereditarias suponen un grupo de enfermedades que predisponen al desarrollo de enfermedad tromboembólica arterial y venosa, debido a déficit o ganancia de función de factores anticoagulantes o procoagulantes incrementando de manera significativa la morbilidad y mortalidad en la población adulta y pediátrica. La expresión y penetrancia genética de este grupo de enfermedades es diversa, y las formas de presentación clínica varía desde la purpura fulminans neonatal hasta episodios tromboembólicos recurrentes a edades tempranas y efectos adversos en el embarazo. El screening no es rutinario en pacientes con cuadros tromboembólicos y sus indicaciones son precisas, en especial personas menores a los 45 años, con cuadros recurrentes, y abortos o muertes fetales a repetición sin causa específica. El tratamiento es basado de acuerdo a la presentación del cuadro clínico, sin embargo la anticoagulación convencional es ampliamente utilizada en el manejo de este grupo de pacientes.
Inherited thrombophilia represent a group of diseases that predispose to the development of arterial and venous thromboembolic disease due to deficiency or gain of function of anticoagulant or procoagulant factors, increasing significantly the morbidity and mortality in the adult and pediatric population. Expression and genetic penetrance to this group of diseases is diverse, and the form of clinical presentation varies from the neonatal purple fulminans to recurrent thromboembolic events at a young age and pregnancy with side effects. The screening is not routine in patients with thromboembolic condition and its indications are accurate, especially in younger people than 45, with recurrent episodes of abortions or fetal deaths without specific cause. Treatment is based according to the clinical presentation of the condition; however conventional anticoagulation is widely used in the treatment of this patient group.
Asunto(s)
Trombofilia , RevisiónRESUMEN
La preeclampsia es el trastorno multisistémico más frecuente en el embarazo y una de las principales causas de mortalidad materna y perinatal ya que provoca parto prematuro y retardo de crecimiento intrauterino. La falta de predicción o la identificación temprana de ésta patología hacen difícil su prevención. Esta revisión tiene como propósito resumir los principales marcadores bioquímicos de preeclampsia que hasta el momento se han propuesto.
Preeclampsia is the most common multisystem disorder in pregnancy and one the main causes of maternal and perinatal mortality that causes preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction. The lack of prediction or early identification of this disease makes prevention difficult to achieve. This review tries to summarize the main biochemical markers of preeclampsia have been proposed.
